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<p>Thanks Max. Made possible all manner of revolutions. What a
contrast to the NORAD vacuum tube computers I walked through in
the mid 70's!</p>
<p>Dave<br>
W7KFO<br>
</p>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 12/29/2017 6:28 AM, Max Vaughan
wrote:<br>
</div>
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<div class="WordSection1">
<h1><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal">Could not
let this one go without a mention.<br>
..>Max<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1>70 years ago the transistor was born<o:p></o:p></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">December 27, 2017 | 12:03<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><img id="Picture_x0020_1"
src="cid:part1.AB86C679.90914566@prinetime.net" alt="70
years ago the transistor was born" class="" height="214"
width="300"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">70 years ago the transistor was born <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It was the day before Christmas Eve in 1947
while working at Bell labs that John Bardeen, Walter Brattain
and William Shockley managed to coax the first transistor into
life. Without doubt, this was the signal that triggered the
start of a huge technical revolution without equal.<br>
<br>
Their ubiquity means we take them for granted. On some of
today’s most highly integrated chips, there are more
transistors packed together than there are people standing on
the Earth and this trend is ever rising. Research is underway
on the next generation of semiconductors with a structural
width of only 7 nm which could well mark the physical limit to
the Moore’s Law prediction. So far, it has been a long
journey, driven by constant innovation.<br>
<br>
At the famous Bell Labs in New Jersey between November and the
end of December 1947 two researchers named Bardeen and
Brattain (assisted by Shockley) developed and demonstrated the
successful operation of a so-called ‘<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-contact_transistor"
moz-do-not-send="true">point-contact transistor</a> ‘ which
was the precursor to the ‘<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor"
moz-do-not-send="true">Bipolar transistor</a>’ and successor
to the bulky and energy-hungry vacuum tube. In 1956, the three
researchers were awarded the Nobel Prize for physics for their
game-changing invention. The Nobel committee got this one
spot-on; John Bardeen is one of only two people to receive two
Nobel Prizes in the same discipline (and the only one in
physics).<br>
<br>
From this first step into the world of the solid-state device
the rate of new developments has escalated: as early as 1949 <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_of_the_integrated_circuit"
moz-do-not-send="true">Werner Jacobi</a> developed and
patented the first known integrated transistor amplifier which
was not ever commercially exploited. <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kilby"
moz-do-not-send="true">Jack Kilby</a> was more successful
with his integrated flip-flop consisting of two bipolar
transistors on a germanium substrate. The first ‘genuine’
monolithic IC however was co-invented by <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Noyce"
moz-do-not-send="true">Robert Noyce</a> and patented in
1959. Throughout the 1950s a cost-cutting battle ensued
between manufacturers of existing vacuum technology and the
semiconductor new-boy on the block. Most of the now familiar
major semiconductor manufacturers were founded in the 1960s.<br>
<br>
Today we hardly give them a thought but we carry tens of
billions of transistors around with us as a matter of course
in the form of a smartphone. Most new devices designed today
come equipped with some semiconductor technology. It’s the
season for celebrating so engineers around the world can raise
a glass to commemorate the transistor’s three founders and
their inspiring Christmas breakthrough seventy years ago!<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">----------------------------------------------------------------</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">73<br>
Max Vaughan KF7MAX Secretary<br>
High Desert Amateur Radio Group<br>
PO Box 723<br>
Bend, Oregon USA 97709</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif""><a
href="http://www.hidarg.org/" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue">www.hidarg.org</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif""><a
href="mailto:maxv@horizonps.com" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
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</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
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style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
<br>
----------------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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